I came across this study and the results looked very promising in comparison to standard of care alone for GBM. However, the sample size is very small and not statistically significant. With that said, I still think these results are hard to ignore. Especially since only 3 of 20 patients used this combination and the minimum survival time of the 3 was 28 months. (this individual also had dosage reduced because of grade 2 fatigue so there may be some dosage dependance)
Results: The median survival time of the 20 patients was 13.7 months (range: 2.2 to 37 months). Surprisingly,
the 3 patients who received sirolimus and HCQ as an add-on treatment survived for a longer period of time (median
34 months). Transient grade 3 myelotoxicity and grade 2 fatigues were rapidly resolved by treatment interruption or
dose reduction.
These patients were much older so would we interesting to see how this therapy would work in younger patients with stronger immune systems.
From Kwan-Hwa Chi, MD in an email to me: " this regimen works better in mesenchymal type of GBM, the worst prognosis one and multiple recurrent case."
See the below link to investigate
Sirolimus and Hydroxychloroquine as an Add-On to Standard Therapy for Glioblastoma Multiforme: Case Report
I agree these results are hard to ignore. Given the longer-term survival of these 3 patients, I would have liked to see a much more detailed description including MGMT status, EGFR status etc., but alas there is no genetic information given. Their ages were 71, 62, and 69, making IDH1 mutation rather unlikely.
ReplyDeletePatient 3 died at 28 months from diagnosis, and the other two patients seem to have been without disease progression at 34 and >36 months from diagnosis. It would have been fairer to say median survival wasn't reached at a median follow-up time of 34 months (median survival can't be determined when 2 of 3 patients are still alive without progression).
I'm inclined to believe that this treatment regimen is superior to standard of care for some subgroup of patients. Without any genetic info on these patients (MGMT, EGFR, PTEN etc.) that is a matter of speculation. I would have expected more genetic information to be available for three patients diagnosed in 2013.
I contacted the authors based in Taiwan to see is they had any genetic information. Hopefully they'll reply.
DeleteFrom Kwan-Hwa Chi, MD in an email to me: " this regimen works better in mesenchymal type of GBM, the worst prognosis one and multiple recurrent case."
DeleteAnd special thanks to Michael for bringing this study to our attention. Oddly, it doesn't seem to be on pubmed.
ReplyDeleteInteresting. Thanks Michael for sharing. Can someone help me understand the difference between Hydroxy Chloroquine and Chloroquine phosphate? I give my husband chloroquine phosphate since HCQ was not proven to be effective in a previous study: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4203513/
ReplyDeleteThanks
Noha
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are nearly identical, except for the hydroxyl group (one atom each of hydrogen and oxygen) tagged onto the end in the case of hydroxychloroquine. Because of this very minor molecular difference "Hydroxychloroquine is more polar, less lipophilic, and has more difficulty diffusing across cell membranes."
DeleteI wouldn't recommend changing to hydroxychloroquine if you're already using chloroquine. Chloroquine may be superior anyway because of the pharmacokinetics properties quoted above.
The phosphate part of chloroquine phosphate is relatively unimportant. Most drugs as consumed are in the form of a salt [in the technical sense of the term "salt", not necessarily containing sodium]:
Deletechloroquine phosphate, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, sildenafil citrate, metformin hydrochloride etc, etc.
Thanks Stephen .. Really appreciate the help.
ReplyDeleteNoha
1. Everolimus and Temsirolimus are analogues of Rapamycin (Sirolimus).
ReplyDeleteBecause the results of the studies showed poor efficacy of Everolimus and Temsirolimus (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT00553150 and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27143690), can a combination of Rapamycin + Сhloroquine phosphate add to the cocktail?
Adding these drugs to the cocktail looked promising, but now I doubt it.
Or to make a decision about their addition, it is necessary to conduct a specific genetic study?
2. What kind of research can determine the type of glioblastoma?
Since according to the message above this combination works better in the mesenchymal type of GBM.
3. What reasons can there be for this combination to use Hydroxychloroquine in place of Сhloroquine phosphate?
https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/sirolimus-and-hydroxychloroquine-as-an-addon-to-standard-therapy-for-glioblastoma-multiforme-case-report-2167-7956-1000141.pdf
I feel that the combination of rapamycin + chloroquine could be effective due to synergy. The fact that a drug does not add to survival when used in isolation doesn't mean it is useless in a cocktail. This realization is at the heart of combination schemes ("cocktails") such as CUSP9, etc. Sometimes a two (or more) drug combo can be effective where none of the drugs would have much effect in isolation.
DeleteRapamycin is an mTOR inhibitor. mTOR complex 1 is a node in one of the most common upregulated signaling pathways in GBM and other cancers: Receptor tyrosine kinases (for example EGFR) -> PI3K -> AKT -> mTOR -> protein translation and increased cell proliferation. (This is an extremely simplified version and only shows a small fraction of the proteins involved in this very complex pathway). Genetic testing could reveal common mutations such as EGFR or PIK3CA, but mTOR could be upregulated even in the absence of these mutations.
2. The mesenchymal type is one of the three transcriptional subclasses of GBM (the others being proneural and classical. there is some evidence showing the "neural" subtype is really just the signature of healthy brain in samples with a low proportion of tumor cells). Assigning a tumor to one of these subclasses involves measuring the levels of mRNA for each gene ("gene expression profiling"). This is typically done in academic labs, and I'm not sure if there are any companies offering this as a commercial service (I haven't looked into it).
3. The main reason I can think of is that hydroxychloroquine is easier to find and more commonly used for malaria. Chloroquine may actually be the better choice but some have used hydroxychloroquine rather than chloroquine in their cocktails simply because chloroquine was more difficult to obtain. The main clinical evidence for the use of these drugs for GBM were the clinical trials in Mexico which used chloroquine and not hydroxychloroquine.
My mom is now taking Avastin + Chloroquine 250mg/day.
ReplyDeleteWe are thinking about adding Rapamycin 2mg/day.
I found this study:
2017 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28812437
"Antiangiogenesis with bevacizumab, an antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has been used for devascularization to limit the growth of malignant glioma. However, the benefits are transient due to elusive mechanisms underlying resistance to the antiangiogenic therapy. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are capable of forming vasculogenic mimicry (VM), an alternative microvascular circulation independent of VEGF-driven angiogenesis.
...We found that rapamycin increased the number of vasculogenic mimicry (VM) and enhanced KDR/VEGFR-2 phosphorylation. Treatment with chloroquine, or knockdown of the autophagy gene ATG5, inhibited the formation of VM and KDR phosphorylation in GSCs."
Stephen, how would you interpret it? I can not understand.
I'm not sure, will there be any benefit from adding Rapamycin to Avastin+Chloroquine a month after chemoradiotherapy with a large residual tumor?
Vasculogenic mimicry is a way for tumor cells to "modify their morphology to form a network of fluid-conducting tubular structures, establishing an angiogenesis-independent alternative perfusion pathway into the tumor"
Deletehttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-07622-w
The role of rapamycin in this study is as an inducer of autophagy: rapamcycin inhibits mTOR and causes metabolic stress in the cells, to which they respond with autophagy (digesting intracellular structures in order to increase nutrient supply). They found that vasculogenic mimicry was autophagy-dependent, and by blocking autophagy either pharmacologically (with chloroquine) or genetically (knocking down ATG5) they could inhibit VM.
I'm not sure there would be any benefit from adding rapamycin either, but that is the nature of the cocktail approach: one is never sure if any individual addition is going to help or not.
There was a phase 1 study testing rapamycin + BEV in advanced cancers:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4116678/
I, like many inspired this report (link above) about cases with the use of Chloroquine + Rapamycin. And since the dose 2mg / day of Rapamycin is low, and the side effects are controlled, I considered its addition ..
DeleteBut now I'm not sure (
As I read, at the moment there is a study of this combination + TMZ (the link could not find).
The main rationale for combining rapamycin with chloroquine in the Chi 2016 case series, was to cause metabolic stress with rapamycin, and then deactivate the resistance mechanism (autophagy) with chloroquine. In the study, they called this the "autophagy paradox". Autophagy is often a resistance mechanism when cells are under stress, and chloroquine is one way to deal with that resistance.
DeleteAvastin itself can increase tumor hypoxia, to which the cells react by increasing autophagy as a survival/resistance mechanism. That is also the rationale for combining Avastin with chloroquine.
One of the studies considers the issue of inhibition autophagy/mTOR (that can be realized with Chloroquine + Rapamycin):
Delete2015 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26022108
"Since the aggressiveness and lethality of GBM is defined by local invasion and resistance to chemotherapy, we believe that our evidence provides a further rationale for including autophagy/mTOR-based targets in the current therapeutical regimen of GBM patients."
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29467937
ReplyDeleteTemozolomide, sirolimus and chloroquine is a new therapeutic combination that synergizes to disrupt lysosomal function and cholesterol homeostasis in GBM cells.
Thank you for this msg, Stephen.
DeleteMy mother is almost on this protocol.
Now she takes Sirolimus 2mg a day and Delagil 250mg a day. She also takes Lomustine + Temozolomide, as in the CeTeg trial.
Now I think, that maybe she should start a daily temozolomide, because she has a relapse and the CeTeg protocol was for the primary glioblastoma? However, is there a possibility of hypermutation from daily temozolomide?
And also I think add cimetidine 200mg per day and increase Delagil up to 300mg per day.
Oncotarget link to the study here:
Deletehttp://www.oncotarget.com/index.php?journal=oncotarget&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=23855
She progressed after radiation but before the start of monthly chemo, am I correct? This is a different scenario than progressing after the start of chemo.
Theoretically there's a possibility of hypermutation with any TMZ regimen if there's any cells within the tumor with mismatch repair defects.
Metronomic TMZ schedules (but not very low dose schedules) are generally harder on lymphocytes (which get constantly pounded without a break) and I'm not sure how well that would work in combination with CCNU, as far as tolerability.
In our case the tumor after surgery (removed 99%) increased again in the same size (3.5 x 5 x 5 cm) in 3 weeks! a surgeon in Germany who did the surgery was shocked by such incredible growth.
DeleteAfter this the tumor did not decrease after radiotherapy + daily TMZ.
As I see, in studies of chloroquine + sirolimus, as well as in the study of olaparib - everywhere a daily temozolomide.
I think maybe these medicines will not be so effective without the daily temozolomide?
Just about any trial that I've seen involving daily (metronomic) TMZ was for recurrent tumors that had already progressed or recurred following the standard schedule.
DeleteThe hydroxychloroquine + sirolimus trial for newly diagnosed GBM uses standard 5-day TMZ schedule.
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03008148
An interesting article from the authors of the Taiwan study about the mechanism of the combination of Rapamycin and Chloroquine:
ReplyDelete2016 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5295413/
I wrote a letter to Dr. Kwan-Hwa Chi with the questions:
ReplyDelete1. Why do you use hydroxychloroquine instead of chloroquine?
Hydroxychloroquine is more polar, less lipophilic, and has more difficulty diffusing across cell membranes. Chloroquine is now used in many clinical trials.
2. At what time of the day and in relation to food, do you recommend that your patients take hydroxychloroquine and sirolimus? There is an opinion that the effect of Chloroquine may depend on the schedule of its administration.
3. Have you thought about replacing sirolimus with temsirolimus or everolimus? Because they are newer drugs and possible more effective.
Today I received a short answer from him. He's writing:
1. HCQ can cross blood brain barrier. There were many trials used HCQ to treat Alzheimer’s disease, although negatively.
2. I prefer took them before meal, but avoid grapefruit juice.
3. I have not tried, but it may be work but may not be better.
A big advantage of an older drug like rapamycin, is that it is off-patent, so it's possible to get cheap generic versions, and pay out-of-pocket for them (maybe several hundred dollars a month for the cheapest versions).
DeleteNew drugs like everolimus and temsirolimus are far more expensive: there are no generic versions of everolimus or temsirolimus are available, at least in the USA. So you'd probably be looking at around $9000 per month more or less for everolimus. Not sure about the availability of generics in other countries.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6053318/
ReplyDeleteIn this study, I found some remarks about sirolimus. In connection with them, I have a question: will there be interaction between sirolimus and other methods of treatment, such as DCA, lipoic acid + hydroxycitrate.
"Sirolimus inhibits anaerobic glycolysis.
Inhibition of mTOR reduces glycolytic flux.
There is also evidence that everolimus alone, but not sirolimus, stimulates mitochondrial oxidation. In rat brain slices, in contrast to sirolimus which reduced high-energy metabolism."
__________________
And by the way an interesting remark about cytomegalovirus:
"mTOR inhibitors have recently generated interest due to their ability to reduce the risk of viral infections such as those by cytomegalovirus. Potential mechanisms include inhibition of the mTOR-dependent viral protein synthesis in host cells and immune-stimulatory effects on memory CD8(+) T-cell differentiation."